Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems in the world, the incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health. Conventional antidiabetic drugs are effective, however, also with unavoidable side effects. On the other hand, medicinal plants may act as an alternative source of antidiabetic agents. Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies. The beneficial potential of each plant matrix is given by the combined and concerted action of their profile of biologically active compounds.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious, chronic, and complex metabolic disorder of multiple aetiologies with profound consequences, both acute and chronic [
There are various types of diabetes of which type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) were the most usually discussed. The T1DM is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes. It is primarily due to pancreatic islet beta cell destruction and is characterized by deficient insulin production in the body [
The universal prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the adult population. Moreover, the prevalence of diabetes has also been found to steadily increase for the past 3 decades and has risen faster in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. The increase in the prevalence of diabetes is parallel with an increase in associated risk factors such as being overweight or obese. If not properly treated or controlled, diabetes may cause blindness, kidney failure, lower limb amputation, and other long-term consequences that impact significantly on the quality of life [
Amongst all people with diabetes, T2DM accounts for the majority (90%) of cases, and these can be prevented as well as treated easily, while T1DM cannot be prevented with current knowledge. Since management of diabetes is complex and multidisciplinary, it should include primary prevention through promotion of a healthy diet and lifestyle (such as exercise). Dietary management and exercise represent important pillars of care and are crucial in the treatment of T2DM, and both may be adequate to attain and retain the therapeutic goals to normolipidemic and normoglycemia.
There are several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs that exert antidiabetic effects through different mechanisms, namely sulfonylureas, biguanides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and non-sulfonylureas secretagogues. Oral sulfonylureas, such as glimepiride and glyburide, act to reduce blood sugar, mainly by elevating insulin release from islets of Langerhans. This is achieved through binding with the sulfonylurea receptor on β cells resulting in adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels closure. As a result, the cell membrane depolarizes and the following calcium influx accompanied by secretion of stored insulin from secretory granules within the cells takes place. This mechanism works only in the presence of insulin [
Another oral hypoglycemic drug, the biguanides, acts to reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis and to replenish peripheral tissues’ sensitivity to insulin, actions that are achieved through elevation of insulin-stimulated uptake and use of sugar. Nevertheless, biguanides are ineffective in insulin absence. The best example of this class is metformin.
The α-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose and miglitol, impede certain enzymes responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine. This class of hypoglycemic agents acts mostly by reducing the absorption rate of carbohydrates in the body. Also, acarbose reversibly inhibits both pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes by binding to the carbohydrate-binding region and by interfering with their hydrolysis into monosaccharides, which leads to a slower absorption together with a reduction in postprandial blood sugar levels [
Another important class of oral hypoglycemic agents is the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, of which the mechanism of action primarily includes improving muscle and adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin and, to a smaller extent, reducing liver glucose production. TZDs also are potent and selective agonists to the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) present in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Activation of PPARγ receptors controls the transcription of insulin-responsive genes involved in the regulation of transportation, production, and glucose use. Also, TZDs have been reported to augment β-cell function by lowering free fatty acid levels that ultimately lead to β-cell death [
The last class of oral hypoglycemic agents is the non-sulfonylureas secretagogues, which include meglitinide and repaglinide and which increases the secretion of insulin from active β cells by a similar mechanism as sulfonylureas. However, this class of oral antidiabetic agents binds to different β-cell receptors [
Although synthetic oral hypoglycemic drugs alongside insulin are the main route for controlling diabetes, they fail to reverse the course of its complications completely and further worsen it by the fact that they also demonstrate prominent side effects. This forms the main force for discovering alternative sources of antidiabetic agents [
Natural products, particularly of plant origin, are the main quarry for discovering promising lead candidates and play an imperative role in the upcoming drug development programs [
For centuries, many plants have been considered a fundamental source of potent antidiabetic drugs. In developing countries, particularly, medicinal plants are used to treat diabetes to overcome the burden of the cost of conventional medicines to the population [
The antihyperglycemic effects resulting from treatment with plants are usually attributed to their ability to improve the performance of pancreatic tissue, which is done by increasing insulin secretions or by reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose [
The number of people with diabetes today has been growing and causing increasing concerns in the medical community and the public. Despite the presence of antidiabetic drugs in the pharmaceutical market, the treatment of diabetes with medicinal plants is often successful. Herbal medicines and plant components with insignificant toxicity and no side effects are notable therapeutic options for the treatment of diabetes around the world [
Traditional knowledge of antidiabetic Asian plants: (1) Review in Iran [
The biological activities considered in this review are antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and hypoglycemic activities as well as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. A majority of the plant species was tested for antidiabetic activity. The methodology followed while collecting the plant species should influence the treatment of diabetes. Accordingly, the plants screened from the Asian region were selected. Then, the genus name was searched to identify whether any species belonging to the same genus are reported elsewhere. Such plants are listed in
In the
α-Amylase inhibitors are reported in several plants, as follows. The corresponding IC50 values in μg/mL are in parentheses.
Methanol extract of Methanol extract of Methanol extracts of Methanol extracts of Methanol extracts of Aqueous extract of
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are reported in several plants, as follows. The corresponding IC50 values in μg/mL are in parentheses.
Hydroalcoholic extract of Methanol extract of Methanol–water extract of Methanol extract of Hydroalcoholic extracts of Hydroalcoholic extracts of Hydroalcoholic extracts of Aqueous extract of
Several plant species having hypoglycemic activity have been available in the literature; most of these plants contain bioactive compounds such glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, etc., that are frequently implicated as having an antidiabetic effect. In this section, plant species with antidiabetic potential will be organized in alphabetical order (
Two doses of chloroform extracts of
In another study performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the extract of
Hypoglycemic activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of
Oral administration of a methanol/dichloromethane extract from
Methanolic extract of
Hypoglycemic role of
One study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of different plant extracts (
Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extracts of leaf and root of
A study conducted on alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed the antidiabetic effect of aqueous leaf extract from
Aqueous extract of the stem bark of
The hypoglycemic activity of the crude tea leaves extract of
The extract of
Alcoholic extracts of stem bark of
The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of
Dichloromethane-methanol extracts of
The hypoglycemic effect of the methanolic extract from the leaves of
The antidiabetic effects of daily oral administration of an ethanolic extract from
The ethanolic extracts of
Cinnamon bark extracts were administered at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg for 14 days in high-fat, diet-fed, and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice [
The effect of root extracts of
Alcoholic extract of the stems of
Aqueous extract of
An ethanolic extract of
Ethanolic extract of
Butanol and aqueous ethanol extracts of
One study evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of aqueous extracts of
One study investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of methanol extracts of
Aqueous extract of
Various extracts from edible
The phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract from
Hydroethanolic leaf extract from
Antidiabetic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of grains of
The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of
Antidiabetic effects of leaf extract of
The methanol extract of aerial parts of
The hypoglycemic effect of
The antidiabetic activity of
In a study with an aqueous extract from
The antidiabetic activity of
As we have commented, a combination of
In vitro assays of an alcoholic extract made from
Chloroform extract of
The antidiabetic potential of petroleum ether, methanol, and aqueous extract of
The antidiabetic effects of ethanol extract of
The effects of ethanolic extract of
One study investigated the antidiabetic activity of the various combinations of metformin (50 mg/kg) and aqueous extracts of
Normal rats were treated with an aqueous extract from
Oral administration of an ethanolic extract from
Petroleum ether and aqueous extract of
Discovery of the new natural antidiabetic drugs could be great promise due to minimal efficacy and safety concerns of current antidiabetic drugs for the hundreds of millions of individuals which are currently seeking better management of diabetes [
The following alkaloids—berberine, boldine, lupanine neferin, oxymatrine, piperine, and sanguinarine—are studied for their antidiabetic activity. Christodoulou et al. [
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, isolated from medicinal plants of
Boldine is a benzylisoquinoline class alkaloid, isolated from
Lupanine is a quinolizidine alkaloid, isolated from
Another antidiabetic alkaloid molecule is neferine; it is a bisbenzyl isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the
Oxymatrine is an alkaloid of the class quinolizidine obtained from the root of
Piperine is a natural alkaloid present in
Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid; it is an excellent intercalator of DNA and RNA. Sanguinarine was targeted as a candidate agent for T2DM treatment by a computational bioinformatics approach [
Flavonoids represent a large class of plant secondary metabolites found in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and aromatic rings of the flavonoid structures, they can play as natural antioxidants. Flavonoid-containing products are commonly used in antidiabetic diets. Many flavonoids such as catechins, fisetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, morin, silymarin, chrysin, baicalein, icariin, isoliquiritigenin, diosmin, isoangustone A, genistein, and others were tested for their antidiabetic properties. For instance, the current work of Den Hartogh and Tsiani, [
Catechins (catechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) are the major active components of tea and cacao products. The protective effects against oxidative damage and enhancing SOD, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and CAT activities of catechins are well demonstrated. However, some studies reported that they did not find a hypoglycemic effect of an extract of green and black tea in adults with T2DM [
The flavonoid fisetin presents in a wide variety of plants. Fisetin significantly reduces blood glucose, improves glucose homeostasis through the inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes, and increases the level and activity of glyoxalase 1 [
Kaempferol as a natural flavonol is found in a variety of plants. It acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress. It promotes insulin sensitivity and preserves pancreatic β-cell mass [
Luteolin is a flavone, present in many aromatic flowering plants, including members of the Lamiaceae. It was recommended for treating diabetic nephropathy. Luteolin ameliorates cardiac failure in T1DM cardiomyopathy [
Naringenin is a naturally occurring flavanone predominantly found in grapefruit [
Quercetin is a natural flavonol; it is present in the composition of a number biological active additives as well as in food additives. The protective effects of quercetin on diabetes have been intensively investigated. It decreased the cell percentages of G(0)/G(1) phase, Smad 2/3 expression, laminin, and type IV collagen and TGF-β (1) mRNA levels. Quercetin also activated the Akt/cAMP response element-binding protein pathway [
Rutin is a natural flavonoid glycoside present in many types of fruits and vegetables. It improves glucose homeostasis by altering glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes. It is also involved in stimulatory effects on glucose uptake. Rutin enhances insulin-dependent glucose transporter and potentiates insulin receptor kinase [
Another natural flavonoid molecule, morin, is isolated from
Silymarin is a complex of flavonoids containing silybin, silydianin, and silychrisin isolated from the milk thistle plant [
Chrysin [
Baicalein is a flavonoid found in
The review of Hamid et al. [
Boswellic acids are pentacyclic triterpene found in the oleo-gum-resin from the trees of different
The natural triterpene celastrol is found in
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that exists widely in nature in fruits, herbs, and vegetables. Recent reports have highlighted the benefits of oleanolic acid in the prevention and treatment of T2DM [
Another pentacyclic triterpenoid is ursolic acid that can be extracted from berries, leaves, flowers, and fruits of medicinal plants such as
Many studies have shown that ursolic acid can directly inhibit PTP1B and improve insulin sensitivity [
Triptolide is a diterpenoid with three epoxide groups, isolated from
Galactomannan is a polysaccharide isolated from the tubers of
Another carbohydrate is inulin;
Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet [
Piceatannol lowers the blood glucose level in diabetic mice [
Butein is a natural phenolic chalcone, isolated from many plant species, including
Curcumin is a natural polyphenol; it has two
Kunwar and Priyadarsini reported that curcumin reduces blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and prevented weight loss. It was also reported to reduce several other complications associated with diabetes like fatty liver, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, vascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and islet viability [
Tocotrienol and tocopherol are commonly known as vitamin E. They are isomers and are found in a wide variety of plants [
Indole-3-carbinol is the nutritive phytochemical in members of the genus
Chlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenol found in many varieties of plant species. It stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation. Chlorogenic acid has shown effects on hepatic glucose release and glycemia [
Another natural phenol is ellagic acid; it is a dilactone acid found in fruits and vegetables. The antidiabetic effect of ellagic acid is attributed to the action on β cells of the pancreas that stimulates insulin secretion and decreases glucose intolerance. It possesses superior antioxidant properties, genotoxicity prevention, and α-amylase-inhibitory activity. Ellagic acid reduced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in T2DM [
Embelin is a hydroxyl benzoquinone found in
Erianin is a natural phenolic compound with 4 aromatic ether groups isolated from
Gambogic acid (syn. guttic acid, guttatic acid, β-guttilactone, and β-guttiferin) is a natural pyranoxanthone; it is found in
Garcinol is polyisoprenylated benzophenone found in a
Honokiol is a polyphenol lignan predominantly found in
In conclusion, sources, structure, and target of 38 phytochemicals are summarised as potential antidiabetic agents. Most of the reviewed phytochemicals belong to flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids.
Currently, available conventional therapies for diabetes are challenged by their inherent limitations and medicinal plants are being researched as a source of alternative therapies [
Different types of
Cinnamon has a long history as an antidiabetic spice. Research has shown that adding cinnamon to the diet can help to lower the glucose level, but results from trials involving cinnamon supplements are conflicting amongst patients with diabetes and insulin-resistant patients, particularly the ability to reduce blood glucose levels and to inhibit protein glycation [
Though these results agree with the inability of cinnamon to improve insulin resistance or sensitivity, they are in contraction to its blood glucose lowering potency. Other studies showed that cinnamon supplementation (
The
The water extract from
Antidiabetic properties of
DBCare® is a traditional herbal food supplement marketed as an antidiabetic medicine composed of 11 herbal ingredients. DBcare investigation in 35 patients with T2DM under oral hypoglycemic treatment (20 male and 15 women, HbA1C > 7.0%) showed safety and seems to decline the level of HbA1C (0.4 ± 0.7% in the DBCare® group and 0.2% ± 0.8% in the placebo group;
The present review attempts to be useful to the scholars, scientists, and health professionals working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop antidiabetic drugs. In this work, we discussed traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of DM. Several plants with antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and hypoglycemic activities and with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition are reported. The antidiabetic effect of plants is attributed to the mixture of phytochemicals or single components of the plant extracts. The phytochemicals responsible for antidiabetic properties mainly are alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, polysaccharides, stilbenes, and tannins. In the several animal studies reported using different plants, there is a wide variety between the extraction methods, which is determinant in the phytochemical composition of the extracts. Moreover, phytochemical plant composition is highly dependent on several endogenous and exogenous factors, including genetic traits; plant organs used; and the growing, drying, and storing conditions. Stress factors, such as adverse climatology, and diseases affecting the plant also influence the phytochemicals obtained. Notwithstanding, these studies are still useful to discover a new natural antidiabetic drug which could be a great promise. As was discussed, low efficacy and safety concerns of current antidiabetic drugs of hundreds of millions of individuals have resulted in a current top-priority health-issue-seeking better management of diabetes.
Diverse mechanisms are described, explaining the beneficial effects of phytochemicals, such as regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin secretion, stimulating β cells, NF-
Advances in traditional medicine research have significantly fuelled the drug development of novel entities for diabetes. It is worth noting that only a few medicinal plants have been studied for efficacy in humans. The majority of the reports failed to provide the authority name of herbs, the composition of the formulation, and preparation procedures. Most methods used for clinical trials were poorly designed, leading mostly to inconclusive findings. Therefore, more efficient clinical studies are warranted for further validation. On the other hand, efforts should be made to characterize antidiabetic active principles from antidiabetic plants. Moreover, as future perspectives, the medicinal plants described may be useful in the design of new functional foods with antidiabetic properties or for avoiding hyperglycemic effects of some foods like those rich in simple carbohydrates.
All authors contributed to the manuscript. Conceptualization, B.S. and J.S.-R.; validation investigation, resources, data curation, and writing, all authors; review and editing, J.S.-R., W.C.C., M.M. and A.S. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This research received no external funding.
This work was supported by CONICYT PIA/APOYO CCTE AFB170007 and by the Institute of Health Carlos III (CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Antidiabetic plants.
Genus | Species | Geographic Zone | Activity | Reference |
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antidiabetic | [ |
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|
Nepal, India | antihyperglycemic | [ |
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|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
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Sudan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India and Pakistan | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
India | hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Nigeria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iraq and Jordan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Mauritius, Algeria | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
Turkey | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Indonesia, Iran, Cuba, Mauritius, Togo, China (TCM) | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
Iran | hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Ghana, Mauritius, Uganda, Tanzania, Traditional Chinese medicines, Trinidad and Tobago, Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India, Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
Kenya | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Mauritius | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Taiwan | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
Taiwan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Japan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
China, Korea, Japan | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
China | α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Morocco | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Jordan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Iraq, Algeria, Jordan | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
Mexico | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Indonesia, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritius | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Nigeria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Mauritius | hypoglycemic, α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Marshall Islands | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Iran, China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antihyperglycemic | [ |
||
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Mexico | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
Brazil | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
India, Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda and Unani) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda, Unani, and Homoeopathy) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Kenya | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India, Tanzania | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Nigeria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Diabetes | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Persia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Jordan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Unani, Ayurveda) Japan, China, South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
α-glucosidase | [ |
||
|
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Morocco | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Morocco | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Morocco | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Nigeria, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Sri Lanka | antihyperglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor, α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
China | antidiabetic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Canada | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Canada | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Brazil | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Guatemala | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Iran, Mexico | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China, Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda), Indonesia, Laos | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh, Indonesia, Laos | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India, Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
||
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China, India (Ayurveda), China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Cameroon | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Cameroon | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India, Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Iran | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Nigeria | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
India, Indonesia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Paraguay | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
Vietnam | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
||
|
India (Ayurveda) | hyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
India, Bangladesh, Nepal | α-glucosidase | [ |
|
|
Mongolia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antihyperglycemic | [ |
||
|
Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Iran, Afghanistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Mongolia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Lebanon, Syria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Jordan | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy), Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Malaysia, Southeast Asia | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Philippines | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Nigeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Nigeria, Cameroon | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
in south Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, homoeopathy), Bangladesh, Southeast Asia | antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Togo | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Jordan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China, India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Southeast Asia, Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Turkey | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Europe | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Nigeria | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Turkey | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic activity | [ |
|
Turkey | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
India, Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Nepal, Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
northern Russia, China, Japan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Nigeria | α-amylase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Vietnam | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Tunisia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Lebanon | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Mexico, Jordan, Algeria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Mexico | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
Nigeria | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
Sri Lanka, Thailand | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Philippines, Vietnam, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, India (Ayurveda), Nigeria, Bangladesh, Taiwan, central America | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China (TCM) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
South Africa, Kenya, Mexico, India (Ayurveda), Nigeria, Mauritius, Senegal | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Ethiopia | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
Iran, Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago, India (Ayurveda), China (TCM), Pakistan, Korea, Chile | antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition | [ |
|
Iran, Jordon | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | α amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic effects, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Nigeria | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-glucosidase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Ghana | lowers blood glucose | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh, Nigeria | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda), China, Bangladesh | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
China, Russia, and Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Indonesia and Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
China, Vietnam, India Japan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China, Vietnam, India, Japan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Korea, China, Japan | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
China, Korea, Japan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
Vietnam, India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and homeopathy), Nigeria, Malaysia | α-glucosidase inhibitor, hypoglycemic, α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
Thailand, Southeast Asia, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Tanzania | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
hypoglycemic | [ |
||
|
Vietnam | α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Latin America | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Asia | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
antihyperglycemic | [ |
||
|
α-amylase and α-glucosidase | [ |
||
|
Nigeria | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [ |
||
|
South East Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Jordan | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Turkey | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Togo | antidiabetic | [ |
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
Japan, Korea, China | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China, Asia, Europe, Africa | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
east Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Mauritius, Togo, Sri Lanka, central America, Japan, China (TCM), Papua New Guinea | antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Peru | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Canada | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Korea, China (TCM) | antidiabetic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda), China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Iran, Jordon | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Canada | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Mexico | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Iran, Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea, China | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda, Unani), Japan, Korea | hypoglycemic, antihyperglycaemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda, Unani), Japan, Korea | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda, Unani), Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka | hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
Lebanon | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
Central and South America | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Iran | hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Turkey | α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Latin America | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
Guatemala | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Uganda, India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Brazil | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Asia | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
antihyperglycemic | [ |
||
|
India (Ayurveda, Siddha) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
hypoglycemic | [ |
||
|
|
Nigeria | α-amylase inhibition, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Indonesia, Sri Lanka | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
||
|
Tibet, China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China | α-glycosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic | [ |
||
|
Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda), Brazil | α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
Puerto Rico | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Vietnam | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh, Vietnam, India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Thailand, India (Ayurveda), Bangladesh, Iran | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Vietnam | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Cameroon | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Africa | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Jordan, Iran | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Morocco | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
Southeast Asia, India (Ayurveda), Thailand, Malaysia, Guyana, Bangladesh | α-amylase inhibitors, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Malaysia, Thailand, Malaysia, Guyana, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia | hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
Nepal, India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Sudan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
China (TCM) | hypoglycemic, α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
hyperglycemic | [ |
||
|
|
hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
Kenya, Iran, Turkey | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Iran | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
antidiabetic | [ |
||
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Pakistan | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
South African | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Tanzania | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Latin America Africa | α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
China (TCM) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
|
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Turkey | α glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
|
Algeria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Southeast Asia, Mali | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Nigeria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Egypt | hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic | [ |
|
|
India (Ayurveda), Pakistan, China | antidiabetic | [ |
TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Antidiabetic plants where only one species is available.
Plant Name | Country/Region | Activity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
|
India (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India, Indonesia, America | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India, Thailand | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Bangladesh, Nepal, Malaysia, Southeast Asia | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
Iran, Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Thailand | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Australia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, Bangladesh, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, South East Asia, Mauritius, Malaysia, Indonesia | α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Nepal | α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
Nepal | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Europe | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
antidiabetic | [ |
|
|
Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), South Africa, China, Malaysia, South East Asian Countries, South Africa, Trinidad, Tobago | α amylase inhibitor, antihyperglycemic, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Thailand | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India, Nigeria | α-amylase inhibition, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Bangladesh, Malaysia, Laos, Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Taiwan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Iran, Algeria, Southeast Asia | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitor hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India, Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Bahrain | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Cyprus | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Turkey | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Indonesia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Thailand | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Nepal | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Indonesia | hyperglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Jordan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China, Japan, Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Sudan, Iran, Portugal | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Siddha, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India, Sri Lanka | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Ayurveda, Pakistan, Southeast Asia | hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
China, Vietnam | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Turkey | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Japan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea, Japan, and China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran, Algeria, Turkey, Austria | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Thailand | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Pakistan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Mauritius, India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Philippines | hypoglycemic, α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Mongolia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
Indonesia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China (TCM), Korea | α-amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
Asia, Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China, Japan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Indonesia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Malaysia, Thailand, Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda, Siddha) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), China (TCM), Southeast Asia | α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitor, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Bangladesh | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Algeria, India (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani), Pakistan, Morocco, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Sri Lanka | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China, Japan, Southeast Asia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Bangladesh, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Jordan | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Togo, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Central America, India (Ayurveda), Nigeria | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Jordan | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Turkey | α-amylase and an α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
Jordan, India (Ayurveda), Pakistan, Egypt | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Saudi Arabia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Turkey, China, Korea, Iran, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Europe | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Indonesia | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Trinidad and Tobago, India (Ayurveda), Algeria, Iran, China (TCM), Mexico | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Vietnam, Thailand | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda, unani) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran, China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Thailand | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
China, Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Saudi Arabia | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Nepal | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Algeria, Jordan, Turkey | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Korea | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | hypoglycemic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India, Paraguay, Brazil, south America | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Malaysia | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda), Trinidad and Tobago, Africa | α amylase inhibitor | [ |
|
Jordan, Central America, Egypt, Mexico | α-glucosidase inhibitor | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, Mexico, the Philippines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Taiwan, Uganda, Venezuela | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic | [ |
|
China | antidiabetic | [ |
|
Iran, Turkey, Algeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Morocco, Algeria, Mediterranean, China, India (Ayurveda) | antidiabetic, α-amylase inhibitor, antihyperlipidemic effect, hypoglycemic | [ |
|
Jordan | antidiabetic | [ |
|
South Africa | antidiabetic | [ |
|
India | antidiabetic | [ |
|
South America, China, Japan, India | antidiabetic | [ |
Plant extracts with antidiabetic potential.
Species | Extract | Part of the Plant | Dosage (mg/kg) | Experimental Model | Induction of Diabetes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
chloroform | bark | 250, 500 | male Wistar rats and albino mice | alloxan | [ |
chloroform | bark | 100, 200 | female albino rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
|
aqueous and ethanolic | leaves | 200 | rats | alloxan | [ |
|
methanol/dichloro-methane | stem bark | 100, 200, 300, 400 | male albino Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
methanolic | bark | 200, 350, 620 | female Sprague–Dawley rats | streptozotocin-nicotinamide | [ |
|
|
aqueous | leaves | 130 | swiss albino mice | streptozotocin | [ |
ethanolic | leaves | 300 | male albino Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
|
methanolic | whole plant | 50, 100, 200, 400 | male swiss albino mice | glucose-induced hyperglycemia | [ |
|
aqueous | leaves | 175 | male albino Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
methanolic | leaves | 100 | female albino mice | streptozotocin | [ |
|
|
ethanolic | leaves | 200 | adult rabbits | alloxan | [ |
|
ethanolic | leaves and root | 200 | adult albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
aqueous | leaves | 500 | Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
aqueous | stem bark | 300, 450 | male Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
crude tea | leaves | 0.5 mL/day | male albino mice | streptozotocin | [ |
aqueous | root | 200, 300 | male albino Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
|
ethanolic | stem bark | 250, 500 | Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
|
aqueous and ethanolic | stem | 150 | male albino Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
|
dichloromethane-methanol | leaves and twigs | 500 | male Sprague–Dawley rats | streptozotocin | [ |
ethanolic | leaves | 100, 200 | male Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
|
methanolic | leaves | 80 | male Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
|
ethanolic | leaves | 30, 60, 120 | male albino Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
|
ethanolic | aerial parts | 1000 | male and female diabetes-prone |
- | [ |
|
ethanolic | bark | 200, 300 | male Kunming mice | streptozotocin | [ |
|
ethanolic | bark | 200, 300 | male Kunming mice | streptozotocin | [ |
|
aqueous | root | 2000 | male and female Wistar rats and Swiss albino mice | alloxan | [ |
aqueous | seed | 1, 2 mL/kg | male Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
|
ethanolic | stem | 250 | male albino Wistar rats | streptozotocin-nicotinamide | [ |
|
aqueous | leaves | 250, 500 | albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
ethanolic | leaves | 100 | male Sprague–Dawley rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
ethanolic | leaves | 450–1350 | rats | alloxan | [ |
|
butanol and aqueous ethanol | roots | 250 | male Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
|
aqueous | pulp | 13.33 g pulp/kg | male albino Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
ethanolic | fruit | 200 | adult rabbits | alloxan | [ |
|
ethanolic | fruit | 400 | male Sprague–Dawley rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
|
methanolic | pod | 150, 300 | Wistar albino rats | streptozotocin | [ |
- | leaves | 50 | male Sprague–Dawley rats | alloxan | [ |
|
|
aqueous | leaves | 200, 300, 400 | male albino rabbits | alloxan | [ |
ethanolic | leaves | 100, 250 | male albino Swiss mice | dexamethasone | [ |
|
|
petroleum ether | stems | 200 | male ICR mice | streptozotocin | [ |
|
methanolic | leaves | 5 | male C57BL/6 mice | streptozotocin | [ |
|
hydro-ethanolic | leaves | 50 | female Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
aqueous and ethanolic | grains | 250, 500 | male Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
hydro-alcoholic | leaves | 150, 300 | male Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
aqueous | seed | 20, 30, 40 g/L | male Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
|
ethanolic | leaves | 50-400 | male Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
|
aqueous | leaves | 200, 400 | male Wistar rats | streptozotocin-nicotinamide | [ |
|
petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water fraction | 100–400 | rats | alloxan | [ |
|
|
methanolic | steam bark and leaves | 75, 150, 300 | Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
aqueous | root | 200, 300, 400 | male Wistar albino rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
hydro-alcoholic | whole plant | 75, 150, 300 | Wistar rats | streptozotocin | [ |
|
ethanolic | seed | 200 | adult rabbits | alloxan | [ |
|
ethanolic | stem bark | 250, 500 | Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
ethanolic | seed coat | 500 | Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
|
chloroform | seed | 100, 200, 300 | male Sprague–Dawley rats | streptozotin | [ |
|
petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous | fruit | 68, 40, 42 | Wistar albino rats and mice | alloxan | [ |
|
ethanolic | seed | 100, 500, 1000, 2000 | male Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
hydro-alcoholic | seed | 500, 1000, 2000 | Sprague–Dawley rats | alloxan | [ |
|
|
ethanolic | fruit | 200, 400 | male Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
|
aqueous | leaves | 100 | Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
aqueous | leaves | 500, 1000 | male Sprague–Dawley rats | GTT | [ |
|
ethanolic | roots | 200 | Wistar albino rats | alloxan | [ |
|
petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous | fruit | 200, 400 | female Wistar rats | alloxan | [ |
* unless otherwise noted, GTT glucose tolerance test; ICR Institute of Cancer Research.
Sources, structure, and target of some potential antidiabetic phytochemicals.
Compound | Sources | Structure | Target | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baicalein |
|
mitigates renal oxidative stress, suppresses activation of NF-κB, decreases expression of iNOS and TGF-β1, ameliorates structural changes in renal tissues, and normalizes the levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines and liver function enzymes | [ |
|
Berberine |
|
regulates glucose and lipid metabolism | [ |
|
Boldine |
|
|
reduces overproduction of reactive oxygen species by inhibiting Ang II-stimulated BMP4 expression | [ |
Boswellic acids | the oleo gum resin from the trees of different |
|
for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of damage to and/or inflammation of the islets of langerhans; |
[ |
Butein |
|
inhibits central NF-κB signaling and improves glucose homeostasis | [ |
|
Catechins (catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) | tea and cocoa, |
|
antioxidative; |
[ |
Celastrol |
|
protective effects on diabetic liver injury via TLR4/MyD88/NF- |
[ |
|
Chlorogenic acid | in many varieties of plant species |
|
stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation; effects on hepatic glucose release and glycemia | [ |
Chrysin |
|
suppresses transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), fibronectin, and collagen-IV protein expressions in renal tissues; reduces the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 | [ |
|
Curcumin |
|
blood glucose-lowering effect; lowers glycosylated hemoglobin levels |
[ |
|
Ellagic acid | in fruits (pomegranates, persimmon, |
|
by the action on β cells of the pancreas that stimulates insulin secretion and decreases glucose intolerance; |
[ |
Embelin |
|
reduces the elevated plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and pro-inflammatory mediators | [ |
|
Erianin |
|
|
inhibits high glucose-induced retinal angiogenesis via blocking ERK1/2-regulated HIF-1α-VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway | [ |
Fisetin |
|
improves glucose homeostasis through the inhibition of gluconeogenic enzymes; |
[ |
|
Galactomannan gum |
|
|
delays the rate of glucose absorption and thereby helps to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia | [ |
Gambogic acid |
|
ameliorates diabetes-induced proliferative retinopathy through inhibition of the HIF-1α/VEGF expression via targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway | [ |
|
Garcinol |
|
decreases plasma insulin, HOMA-β-cell functioning index, glycogen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body weight, and antioxidant enzyme activities, viz. SOD, CAT, and glutathione; |
[ |
|
Honokiol |
|
significantly increases phosphorylations of the IRβ and the downstream insulin signaling factors including AKT and ERK1/2; |
[ |
|
Kaempferol | in a variety of plants and plant-derived foods |
|
promotes insulin sensitivity and preserves pancreatic β-cell mass | [ |
Lupanine |
|
enhances insulin secretion; improves glucose homeostasis by influencing KATP channels and insulin gene | [ |
|
Luteolin | Lamiaceae plant family |
|
diabetic nephropathy; ameliorates cardiac failure in T1DM cardiomyopathy | [ |
Indole-3-Carbinol | in cruciferous vegetables |
|
increases the antioxidant-scavenging action by increasing levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione | [ |
Inulin | the |
|
acts as a biogenetic factor for the development of natural intestinal microflora after dysbacteriosis; in the modulation of blood metabolites and liver enzymes | [ |
Morin |
|
as an activator and sensitizer of the insulin receptor stimulating the metabolic pathways; |
[ |
|
Naringenin | Grapefruit ( |
|
attenuates diabetic nephropathy via its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities | [ |
Neferine |
|
|
reduces expression of CCL5 and CCR5 mRNA in the superior cervical ganglion of T2D; prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial cell apoptosis through suppressing the OS/Akt/NF-κB signal | [ |
Oxymatrine |
|
|
prevents oxidative stress and reduces the contents of renal advanced glycation end products, transforming growth factor-β1, connective tissue growth factor, and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic rats | [ |
Piceatannol | in a variety of plant sources (grapes, rhubarb, peanuts, sugarcane, white tea) and in the seeds of |
|
lowers the blood glucose level; promotes glucose uptake through glucose transporter 4 translocation to the plasma membrane in L6 myocytes; and suppresses blood glucose levels in T2DM | [ |
Piperine |
|
bio-enhancing effect of piperine with metformin in lowering blood glucose levels; blood glucose-lowering effect | [ |
|
Quercetin | in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, grains |
|
decreases the cell percentages of G(0)/G(1) phase, Smad 2/3 expression, laminin and type IV collagen, and TGF-β(1) mRNA level; activates the Akt/cAMP response element-binding protein pathway | [ |
Resveratrol | wine and grape ( |
|
decreases blood insulin levels; reduces adiposity, changes in gene expression, and changes in the activities of some enzymes; enhances GLUT-4 translocation; activates SIRT1 and AMPK; affects insulin secretion and blood insulin concentration; reduces blood insulin; diabetes-related metabolic changes via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase | [ |
Rutin | present in certain fruits and vegetables |
|
improves glucose homeostasis by altering glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes; involvement of GLUT-4 in the stimulatory effect on glucose uptake; potentiates insulin receptor kinase to enhance insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4 translocation | [ |
Sanguinarine |
|
|
was targets and candidate agent for T2DM treatment with a computational bioinformatics approach | [ |
Silymarin | the milk thistle plant ( |
|
reduction in levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, urine volume, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, and urine albumin; nephroprotective effects in T2DM; ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy through the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling | [ |
Tocotrienol | in a wide variety of |
|
reduced the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in a group of patients with T2DM; involved in the NF-κB signaling pathway, oxidative-nitrosative stress, and inflammatory cascade in an experimental model | [ |
Triptolide |
|
|
levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B and phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B in splenocytes were reduced, and caspases 3, 8, and 9 were increased; diabetic nephropathy; triptolide treatment, accompanied with alleviated glomerular hypertrophy and podocyte injury | [ |
Ursolic acid, ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside |
|
decreased hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity and increased glucokinase activity; |
[ |
|
Withanolides |
|
hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities | [ |
AMPK 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase; ATF4 activating transcription factor 4;CAT catalase; eIF2α eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha; GPx glutathione peroxidase; GST glutathione S-transferase; KATP ATP-sensitive potassium; PERK endoplasmic reticulum kinase; SOD superoxide dismutase.